ASSESSING THE ROLE OF RADIO ON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION IN THE BAMENDA MUNICIPALITY OF CAMEROON
- contacteupcriic
- 9 mai
- 34 min de lecture
N°13
Abstract Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires effective communication strategies to raise awareness and foster community engagement. Radio serves as a widely accessible medium that plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of information and influencing public perception about climate change. The objective of this paper was to assess the role of radio in disseminating information and raising awareness about climate change within the Bamenda Municipality. The study employed a mixed-method approach, including the administration of 190 questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings revealed a diverse range of perspectives among the population of Bamenda Municipality vis-à-vis radio coverage of climate change. An overwhelming majority, 78% of the population, acknowledged the vital role played by radio stations in disseminating information and creating awareness about climate change. They appreciated the ability of the radio to reach a wide audience and recognized its potential for mobilizing collective action. The study identified that 48% of the participants highly value informative talk shows. However, certain challenges associated with the credibility of radio coverage of climate change were uncovered. Concerns were raised regarding the lack of local representation and the dominance of external perspectives. Consequently, 42% of the population suggested that radio stations should invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers to provide authoritative voices and credible information. This study sheds light on the strengths, challenges, and potential areas of improvement in radio coverage, providing valuable insights for radio practitioners, policymakers, and climate change communicators. Keywords: Climate Change, Radio
Résumé Le changement climatique est un problème mondial pressant qui nécessite des stratégies de communication efficaces pour sensibiliser et encourager l'engagement communautaire. La radio, en tant que média largement accessible, joue un rôle crucial dans la diffusion de l'information et l'influence de la perception publique du changement climatique. L'objectif de cet article était d'évaluer le rôle de la radio dans la diffusion de l'information et la sensibilisation au changement climatique dans la municipalité de Bamenda. L'étude a utilisé une approche méthodologique mixte, incluant l'administration de 190 questionnaires, des interviews approfondies et des ‘focus group’ discussions. Les résultats ont révélé une diversité de perspectives parmi la population de la municipalité de Bamenda au sujet de la couverture radio du changement climatique. Une majorité écrasante, soit 78 % de la population, a reconnu le rôle vital joué par les stations de radio dans la diffusion de l'information et la création de sensibilisation sur le changement climatique. Ils ont apprécié la capacité de la radio à atteindre un large public et ont reconnu son potentiel pour mobiliser une action collective. L'étude a identifié que 48 % des participants accordent une grande importance aux émissions d'information. Cependant, certains défis par rapport à la crédibilité de la couverture radio du changement climatique ont été révélés. Des préoccupations ont été soulevées concernant le manque de représentation locale et la dictature des visions externes. En conséquence, 42 % de la population a suggéré que les stations de radio devraient inviter des experts et des scientifiques du changement climatique en tant qu'intervenants pour être des bouches autorisées et avoir des informations crédibles. Cette étude met en lumière les atouts, les défis et les domaines potentiels d'amélioration dans la couverture radio, offrant des perspectives précieuses aux praticiens de la radio, aux décideurs politiques et aux communicateurs sur le changement climatique. |
Mots-clés : changement climatique, radio
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INTRODUCTION
Radio has long been recognized as a powerful medium for disseminating information, shaping public opinion, and fostering community engagement. In the context of climate change, radio plays a crucial role in raising awareness, promoting understanding, and mobilizing collective action. Hansen et al., (2019) highlighted that radio possesses the capacity to reach diverse audiences, including those residing in remote areas with limited access to alternative media platforms. This characteristic renders radio an effective instrument for conveying information pertaining to climate change.
At the global level, initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have recognized the importance of radio in climate change communication. The UNFCCC's Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) program emphasizes the role of media, including radio, in promoting public awareness, education, and participation in climate change issues (UNFCCC, 2021). Similarly, at the national and local levels, governments, NGOs, and grassroots organizations have used radio as a means to disseminate information, educate communities, and mobilize action on climate change (Hansen et al., 2019). Local radio stations often serve as trusted sources of information, providing localized climate change updates, weather forecasts, and practical tips for adaptation and mitigation (UNESCO, 2018).
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, with far-reaching environmental, social, and economic consequences (Ngigi & Muange, 2022). It is imperative to effectively communicate the complex and multifaceted aspects of this issue to the public (Oyebola et al., 2021). According to UNESCO (2018), radio has the power to connect and empower communities by providing accessible information, enabling them to make informed decisions and take action in response to climate change challenges. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the role of media, including radio, in shaping public perceptions and influencing attitudes towards climate change (Balehegn et al., 2019). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasizes the importance of accurate and reliable media coverage to effectively communicate climate science and foster public understanding (IPCC, 2014). While radio is hailed as a powerful medium for addressing climate change, scholars such as (Tume et al., 2018), Boykoff (2011) and Hansen et al., (2019) have shed light on some challenges faced by the radio, including sensationalism and limited scientific accuracy (Dumenu & Takam, 2020). These issues emphasize the need to critically examine how radio communicates climate change and how it is perceived by the population. This study aimed to delve into the perceptions, experiences, and expectations of the population regarding the role of the radio in the communication of climate change in the Bamenda Municipality.
Methods and Materials
This study was carried out within Bamenda municipality, North West Region of Cameroon. Bamenda is the capital of North West Region and is also known as Abakwa. The Municipality is located between Latitude 5°57'40'' N and 6°01'62'' N, and Longitude 10°0'82'' E and 10°15'19'' E of the Greenwich Meridian.
Bamenda Municipality is bounded to the south west by Bali, to the north by Bafut, to the south and to the north east by Tubah, to the south by Santa and to the north east by Tubah (Figure 1.1). It has a total surface area of about 37,560km2 and a built-up area that extends approximately 10 kilometres (BCC, 2018). It is subdivided into three zones that are Bamenda I, II and III. Each of these zones has a Council, independent of the other. However, they are all answerable to the Bamenda City Council (CBD).
Figure 1.1: Location of study area
Source: NIC and Fieldwork, 2023
This study employed a combination of in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions to capture the perceptions of the population on radio coverage about climate change in the Bamenda Municipality. The objective was to gather comprehensive and nuanced data, providing a thorough understanding of the population's views. A purposive sampling technique was applied, selecting participants based on their interest or involvement in climate change issues. The sample encompassed individuals from various age groups, genders and educational backgrounds, ensuring representation.
Over a three-month period (from January to March, 2023), a total of 190 questionnaires were administered in the three Council areas of Bamenda Municipality. Additionally, four face-to-face interviews were conducted with radio station managers and radio hosts of climate change programs, each lasting approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour. The interviews were audio-recorded with the participants' consent and later transcribed for analysis. Furthermore, two focus group discussions were conducted, involving a total of 16 participants divided into two groups of eight. The composition of the focus groups was carefully planned to ensure diversity in terms of age, gender, occupation, and educational background. The focus group discussions were facilitated by a trained moderator and an assistant note-taker, guided by predetermined topics and questions related to climate change media coverage. Participants were encouraged to engage in open and respectful dialogue, freely sharing their thoughts, experiences, and suggestions. The discussions were audio-recorded, and detailed notes were taken to complement the recordings. The primary dataset for analysis consisted of verbatim transcripts of the interviews and notes from the focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring patterns, themes, and categories within the qualitative data. To enhance the validity and credibility of the findings, triangulation was employed by comparing and contrasting perspectives from different participants and sources. Regular discussions and peer debriefing among the researchers were conducted to ensure the reliability of the analysis. Throughout the study, ethical guidelines were followed, including obtaining informed consent from all participants and implementing measures to protect anonymity and confidentiality. The study was conducted in compliance with relevant ethical standards and guidelines.
Results and Discussion
1 Results
1.1 Radio stations in Bamenda and climate change awareness
Bamenda Municipality takes pride in its diverse radio landscape, featuring a range of radio stations that not only entertain and inform but also prioritize addressing pressing environmental concerns, including climate change (Table 1).
Table 1: Names of radio stations in Bamenda and climate change related programs
MHz
| Name of Radio station | Name of Program | Presenter | Day (s) of the week | Time of day |
92.50
|
CRTV North-West
| Nature
Holiday Workshop | NEST-Cam
Marbel Menkemdi Saahkem and Clenice Ayombom | Tuesdays at 8:00 am
Mondays to Fridays (every holiday) | 8:00 am to 9:00am (rebroadcast on Saturday at 8:30 pm to 9:30pm 9:45am to 10:45am |
101.0 |
CBS (Christian Broadcasting Service) | Agric Forum
CBS WhatsApp
Good Morning CBS | Atoh Zinobia
Atoh Zinobia
Atoh Zinobia | Every Wednesdays
Mondays to Fridays Mondays to Fridays | 4:30pm to 5:30pm
12:30pm to 2:00pm
7:15am to 10am |
100.50 | Radio Evangelium | Reflections on Pope Francis Laudato Si | Tata Mbuy | Saturdays | 9:00pm to 10pm |
97.20 | CBC radio | You and the Environment | Ndimuh B. | - | - |
99.00 | Abakwa FM | The Green Environment | The Grens | Saturdays | 10:00 to 11:00am |
102.70 | Afrique Nouvelle FM | Discoveries | Juliet Afunie | Mondays | 7:00pm to 8:00pm |
88.90 | City FM | - | - | - | - |
94.00 | Radio Hot Cocoa | You and the Environment | NEST-Cam | Saturdays | 6:00am t0 8:30am |
100.00 | Foundation radio | Who is who in Business and the profession | Christopher Fogweh | Wednesdays | 1:00pm to 2:00pm |
94.90 | Ndefcam radio | Environmental conservation | Greens | Periodically | Not fixed |
98.50 | Dream FM | - | - | - | - |
96.10 | Skysport FM | - | - | - | - |
104.50 | Rush FM Radio | Daily weather forecast | Munya Babila | Everyday | 7:00am to 7:10am |
98.10 | Christian Gospel Radio | - | - | - | - |
97.70 | Vision FM Radio | - | - | - | - |
Source : Researcher, 2023
Out of the fifteen radio stations in Bamenda, ten of them have programs dedicated to climate change issues. These radio stations are classified into three categories: public, mission, and private. The lone public radio station in operation is Cameroon Radio Station (CRTV Bamenda), while four mission stations exist, namely CBS (Christian Broadcasting Service), Radio Evangelium, CBC radio and Christian Gospel Radio. The private radio stations include Abakwa FM, Afrique Nouvelle, City FM, Hot Cocoa, Foundation radio, Rush FM, Vision FM, Dream FM Skysports and Ndefcam radio. These radio stations conduct programs that include debates, talks and discussions. Radio stations in Bamenda allocate time to host experts, NGOs, activists, and community leaders who share insights, strategies, and initiatives related to climate change mitigation, renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable practices. The findings of the investigation indicated that a significant 78% of the respondents recognized the crucial role played by radio stations in Bamenda municipality in raising awareness about climate change. These respondents appreciated the efforts made by radio stations in disseminating information and educating the community about the challenges and solutions related to climate change. However, 22% of the population expressed dissatisfaction with the role of radio stations in creating awareness about climate change. This minority group believed that the radio stations could do more to effectively address the issue, providing greater coverage and more in-depth information.
1.2 Content of radio programs on climate change
The study captured the diverse perceptions of the population regarding the content of radio programs in relation to climate change (Figure 1.2).
Fig. 1.2: Radio programs content on climate change
Source: Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Figure 1.2 demonstrate that a significant portion of the population places great importance on in-depth discussions involving experts, scientists, and policymakers. Specifically, 50% of the population values these discussions because they offer comprehensive insights and analysis on the causes and impacts of climate change. Moreover, 32% of the population enjoys programs that specifically address climate change adaptation and mitigation. On the other hand, only 6% of the population expressed satisfaction with program content that primarily focuses on success stories and practical tips for addressing climate change. Interestingly, 12% of the population specifically enjoys when climate change experts are invited as guests on such programs.
1.3 Radio accuracy on climate change communication
The study explored how the population perceived the level of accuracy of the information aired over the radio about climate change. This was done to assess whether such information aligns with factual information, scientific consensus, and the current understanding of the issue. The findings, displayed in Table 2, depict a wide range of perspectives among the participants regarding the credibility and dependability of radio content in climate change communication.
Table 2: Perceptions of Radio Accuracy
Perception | Frequency | Percentage |
Responsiveness to Audience Feedback | 35 | 19 |
Depth of Coverage | 61 | 32 |
Transparency of Sources | 31 | 16 |
Timeliness of Reporting | 23 | 12 |
Trustworthiness of Information | 40 | 21 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Table 2 demonstrate a diverse range of perspectives regarding the accuracy of radio communication on climate change. The results indicate that 32% of the population expressed satisfaction with the extent of coverage on the issue, indicating a positive perception of the depth of information provided. However, 16% of the population raised concerns about the transparency of sources, suggesting a need for clearer attribution and disclosure of information origins. Furthermore, 21% of the respondents had mixed feelings about the trustworthiness of the information presented through radio channels. This suggests that while some individuals may find the information reliable, others may have reservations or doubts about its credibility. The study also identified issues related to the timeliness of reporting, with 12% of the population expressing concerns about delays or outdated information. Moreover, a significant 19% of the population highlighted the importance of responsiveness to audience feedback. This indicates that there is a desire for radio stations to engage with their listeners and address their concerns or suggestions related to climate change communication.
1.4 Format of radio programs
The study sampled the population to gather their perceptions regarding the format of programs specifically designed for radio coverage of climate change (Table 3). This was done in a bid to gain insights into their preferences and attitudes towards various program formats used to address the topic of climate change on the radio.
Table 3: Format of Radio Program
Perception on Radio Program Formats | Frequency | Percentage |
Informative talk shows or panel discussions | 91 | 48 |
Interviews with activists, policymakers, and local leaders | 46 | 24 |
Interactive programs with listener participation | 30 | 15 |
Incorporating storytelling and narratives | 15 | 8 |
News and current affairs programs | 5 | 3 |
Music | 3 | 2 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The results presented in Table 3 shed light on the diverse sentiments and experiences of the population in Bamenda regarding the radio program formats used to address climate change. The findings indicate that 48% of the participants highly value informative talk shows or panel discussions as their preferred format. This suggests that individuals in Bamenda appreciate in-depth discussions and knowledge-sharing platforms to gain comprehensive insights into climate change issues. Following closely, 24% of the respondents expressed their preference for interviews with activists, policymakers, and local leaders. This indicates that hearing from key stakeholders and individuals actively involved in climate change initiatives is considered valuable in creating awareness and understanding among the population. Interactive programs with listener participation were favored by 15% of the participants, indicating a desire for engagement and involvement in the discussions surrounding climate change. This format allows listeners to share their thoughts, ask questions, and contribute to the conversation, fostering a sense of community participation. Incorporating storytelling and narratives, a format that highlights personal experiences and anecdotes, was valued by 8% of the sampled population. This suggests that individuals in Bamenda find storytelling to be a compelling way to connect with the topic of climate change, potentially evoking empathy and emotional engagement.
1.5 Radio credibility on climate change reporting
Credibility in radio reporting on climate change takes into account the perceived trustworthiness and reliability of the information presented by radio stations. It encompasses factors such as the reputation of the radio station, the expertise of the journalists or hosts, and the track record of accurate reporting. An intriguing glimpse into the minds of residents in Bamenda municipality reveals their verdict on radio reporting about climate change. A staggering 42% of the population deemed radio broadcasts highly credible, attesting to their trustworthiness in delivering accurate information on this pressing global issue. However, 36% of the population remained uncertain, which may reflect the need for further engagement and clarification. Surprisingly, 22% expressed skepticism, perceiving radio reporting on climate change as lacking credibility. These diverse perspectives paint a vivid picture of the intricate tapestry of opinions surrounding the authenticity of radio reporting in Bamenda municipality's battle against climate change.
1.6 Factors influencing radio credibility
The outcomes of focus group discussions centered around the factors that had a significant impact on public perceptions of radio credibility in climate change reporting. The findings revealed that several key elements played a pivotal role in shaping these perceptions. Firstly, the use of reliable sources emerged as a crucial factor, with participants valuing information backed by reputable and trustworthy sources. Secondly, the presence of scientific expertise was deemed essential, as the public sought to rely on radio stations that showcased a depth of knowledge and understanding of climate change issues. Thirdly, the participants emphasized the importance of balanced reporting, where multiple perspectives and voices were presented, enabling them to form their own informed opinions. Lastly, participants expressed concerns about potential commercial interests or biases that might compromise the objectivity and credibility of radio reporting.
1.7. Hurdles confronting radio stations on climate change communication
In-depth interviews with representatives from various radio stations shed light on the formidable challenges they face in their efforts to effectively address climate change. These interviews underscored several key obstacles that radio stations encounter in their climate change reporting endeavors. Firstly, limited access to climate change experts emerged as a significant challenge, hindering the stations' ability to gather accurate and comprehensive information on the subject. The complexity of scientific information surrounding climate change was also identified as a hurdle, as it demands a nuanced understanding and effective communication to convey the intricacies of the topic to listeners. Radio stations in Bamenda often have limited resources, including a lack of funding, staff, and equipment, making it difficult for them to produce high-quality climate change content. Additionally, the interviews highlighted the need for ongoing training and capacity-building for journalists to enhance their knowledge and skills in covering climate change-related issues.
1.8 Suggestions for improved radio coverage
In order to enhance radio coverage of climate change, the study employed a sampling technique to gather suggestions from a diverse population. The researchers sought to capture a wide range of perspectives and opinions from the participants, considering their individual perceptions and viewpoints (Table 4).
Table 4: Suggestions for improved radio coverage
Suggestions | Frequency | Percentage |
Invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers | 68 | 36 |
Involve community members, including youth and marginalized groups | 79.8 | 42 |
Dedicate specific time slots or programs on climate change | 68 | 36 |
Involve community members, including youth and marginalized groups | 53 | 28 |
Collaborate with local organizations and institutions | 38 | 20 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Table 4 have revealed intriguing insights into suggestions for enhancing radio coverage of climate change. Approximately 42% of the population recommended that radio stations should invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers. This underscores the importance of incorporating authoritative voices in the field to provide credible information and insights to listeners. Another noteworthy suggestion, proposed by 36% of the participants, was for radio stations to allocate specific time slots or programs exclusively dedicated to climate change. This approach would enable in-depth discussions and comprehensive coverage of the topic, ensuring that listeners have access to detailed information and insightful analysis. Additionally, 20% of the respondents emphasized the significance of collaborating with local organizations and institutions. This suggestion highlights the potential benefits of partnering with relevant entities to foster community engagement and enhance the local relevance of climate change coverage on radio.
2 Discussion
The presence of a diverse radio landscape in Bamenda Municipality is marked by the existence of multiple radio stations that focus on climate change issues. A significant majority of 78% of the population recognizes the vital role of radio stations in increasing awareness about climate change and expresses appreciation for their efforts in disseminating information and educating the community. This corroborates the assertions made by Hansen et al., (2019) and UNESCO (2018), who underscore the immense potential of radio as a medium to reach diverse audiences, particularly those residing in remote areas with limited access to alternative forms of media. The findings also revealed that 50% of the population value in-depth discussions involving experts, scientists, and policymakers, which offer comprehensive insights and analysis on the causes and impacts of climate change. This finding aligns with the perspectives of Hansen (2009), who emphasizes the significance of expert-driven discussions in effectively communicating climate change and addressing its challenges. Similarly, Hayhoe (2009) echoes the importance of providing comprehensive insights and analysis to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and public understanding of climate change. The author emphasizes the need to communicate climate change in a manner that resonates with faith-based communities and provides factual information to inform decision-making processes.
Further results indicated that 32% of the population expressed satisfaction with the extent of coverage on climate change. Consistent with these findings, Johnson and Brown (2021) argue that radio organizations have made substantial progress in recent years in terms of providing comprehensive coverage of climate change. In contrast, Jones (2021) conducted a separate study that contradicts the notion of satisfaction with climate change coverage. It was discovered that only 20% of respondents expressed satisfaction with the radio's handling of climate change, indicating a lower level of contentment. This dissatisfaction is believed to arise from perceived biases, sensationalism, and inadequate in-depth reporting on the subject. The findings equally revealed that 48% of the population value informative talk shows or panel discussions as their preferred format. This contradicts Davis's (2022) investigation, which explored and assessed the preferences of respondents regarding different media formats for obtaining information on climate change. The author found that only 35% of respondents expressed a preference for such formats, indicating a lower level of popularity compared to other formats like documentaries or news segments. This discrepancy was attributed to differences in demographic factors, media consumption habits, or individual preferences.
A whopping 42% of the population deemed radio broadcasts highly credible, attesting to their trustworthiness in delivering accurate information on this pressing global issue. This corroborates the findings of Leiserowitz et al., (2013) and Sturgis et al., (2010), who examined public perceptions and trust in climate change information sources. These studies have found that trust in news media as a source of climate change information can vary depending on factors such as political ideology, media consumption habits, and prior beliefs about climate change. They also found that trust in radio as a source of climate change information can be influenced by various factors. Approximately 42% of the population recommended that radio stations in Bamenda Municipality should invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers. Cook et al., (2018) examined the consensus among climate scientists on the causes and impacts of climate change. Their research demonstrated a strong scientific consensus on human-induced climate change. Inviting climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers on radio programs could help convey this consensus and address any misinformation or skepticism
CONCLUSION
This study aimed to assess the role of radio in climate change communication in the Bamenda Municipality. The findings highlight the diverse range of public, private, and mission radio stations that engage audiences through various formats and approaches. It is evident that radio plays a crucial role in disseminating climate change information, effectively creating awareness and fostering sensitization among the population. However, the study also reveals a complex landscape of mixed feelings among the population regarding their experiences and expectations of radio communication. Concerns were raised regarding the accuracy, credibility, and formats of radio programs focused on climate change. It is important to address these concerns to ensure the effectiveness of climate change communication through radio. The study identifies key factors that influence the credibility of radio programs on climate change, including the expertise and credentials of the speakers, the transparency of information sources, and the overall trustworthiness of the radio station. The study highlights the need for key measures to enhance the quality and reach of climate change communication through radio. These measures include regularly inviting experts as guest speakers, allocating specific time slots or programs to climate change topics, and fostering collaborations with local organizations and institutions.
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Lire l'article complet
INTRODUCTION
Radio has long been recognized as a powerful medium for disseminating information, shaping public opinion, and fostering community engagement. In the context of climate change, radio plays a crucial role in raising awareness, promoting understanding, and mobilizing collective action. Hansen et al., (2019) highlighted that radio possesses the capacity to reach diverse audiences, including those residing in remote areas with limited access to alternative media platforms. This characteristic renders radio an effective instrument for conveying information pertaining to climate change.
At the global level, initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have recognized the importance of radio in climate change communication. The UNFCCC's Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) program emphasizes the role of media, including radio, in promoting public awareness, education, and participation in climate change issues (UNFCCC, 2021). Similarly, at the national and local levels, governments, NGOs, and grassroots organizations have used radio as a means to disseminate information, educate communities, and mobilize action on climate change (Hansen et al., 2019). Local radio stations often serve as trusted sources of information, providing localized climate change updates, weather forecasts, and practical tips for adaptation and mitigation (UNESCO, 2018).
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, with far-reaching environmental, social, and economic consequences (Ngigi & Muange, 2022). It is imperative to effectively communicate the complex and multifaceted aspects of this issue to the public (Oyebola et al., 2021). According to UNESCO (2018), radio has the power to connect and empower communities by providing accessible information, enabling them to make informed decisions and take action in response to climate change challenges. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the role of media, including radio, in shaping public perceptions and influencing attitudes towards climate change (Balehegn et al., 2019). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasizes the importance of accurate and reliable media coverage to effectively communicate climate science and foster public understanding (IPCC, 2014). While radio is hailed as a powerful medium for addressing climate change, scholars such as (Tume et al., 2018), Boykoff (2011) and Hansen et al., (2019) have shed light on some challenges faced by the radio, including sensationalism and limited scientific accuracy (Dumenu & Takam, 2020). These issues emphasize the need to critically examine how radio communicates climate change and how it is perceived by the population. This study aimed to delve into the perceptions, experiences, and expectations of the population regarding the role of the radio in the communication of climate change in the Bamenda Municipality.
Methods and Materials
This study was carried out within Bamenda municipality, North West Region of Cameroon. Bamenda is the capital of North West Region and is also known as Abakwa. The Municipality is located between Latitude 5°57'40'' N and 6°01'62'' N, and Longitude 10°0'82'' E and 10°15'19'' E of the Greenwich Meridian.
Bamenda Municipality is bounded to the south west by Bali, to the north by Bafut, to the south and to the north east by Tubah, to the south by Santa and to the north east by Tubah (Figure 1.1). It has a total surface area of about 37,560km2 and a built-up area that extends approximately 10 kilometres (BCC, 2018). It is subdivided into three zones that are Bamenda I, II and III. Each of these zones has a Council, independent of the other. However, they are all answerable to the Bamenda City Council (CBD).
Figure 1.1: Location of study area
Source: NIC and Fieldwork, 2023
This study employed a combination of in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions to capture the perceptions of the population on radio coverage about climate change in the Bamenda Municipality. The objective was to gather comprehensive and nuanced data, providing a thorough understanding of the population's views. A purposive sampling technique was applied, selecting participants based on their interest or involvement in climate change issues. The sample encompassed individuals from various age groups, genders and educational backgrounds, ensuring representation.
Over a three-month period (from January to March, 2023), a total of 190 questionnaires were administered in the three Council areas of Bamenda Municipality. Additionally, four face-to-face interviews were conducted with radio station managers and radio hosts of climate change programs, each lasting approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour. The interviews were audio-recorded with the participants' consent and later transcribed for analysis. Furthermore, two focus group discussions were conducted, involving a total of 16 participants divided into two groups of eight. The composition of the focus groups was carefully planned to ensure diversity in terms of age, gender, occupation, and educational background. The focus group discussions were facilitated by a trained moderator and an assistant note-taker, guided by predetermined topics and questions related to climate change media coverage. Participants were encouraged to engage in open and respectful dialogue, freely sharing their thoughts, experiences, and suggestions. The discussions were audio-recorded, and detailed notes were taken to complement the recordings. The primary dataset for analysis consisted of verbatim transcripts of the interviews and notes from the focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring patterns, themes, and categories within the qualitative data. To enhance the validity and credibility of the findings, triangulation was employed by comparing and contrasting perspectives from different participants and sources. Regular discussions and peer debriefing among the researchers were conducted to ensure the reliability of the analysis. Throughout the study, ethical guidelines were followed, including obtaining informed consent from all participants and implementing measures to protect anonymity and confidentiality. The study was conducted in compliance with relevant ethical standards and guidelines.
Results and Discussion
1 Results
1.1 Radio stations in Bamenda and climate change awareness
Bamenda Municipality takes pride in its diverse radio landscape, featuring a range of radio stations that not only entertain and inform but also prioritize addressing pressing environmental concerns, including climate change (Table 1).
Table 1: Names of radio stations in Bamenda and climate change related programs
MHz
| Name of Radio station | Name of Program | Presenter | Day (s) of the week | Time of day |
92.50
|
CRTV North-West
| Nature
Holiday Workshop | NEST-Cam
Marbel Menkemdi Saahkem and Clenice Ayombom | Tuesdays at 8:00 am
Mondays to Fridays (every holiday) | 8:00 am to 9:00am (rebroadcast on Saturday at 8:30 pm to 9:30pm 9:45am to 10:45am |
101.0 |
CBS (Christian Broadcasting Service) | Agric Forum
CBS WhatsApp
Good Morning CBS | Atoh Zinobia
Atoh Zinobia
Atoh Zinobia | Every Wednesdays
Mondays to Fridays Mondays to Fridays | 4:30pm to 5:30pm
12:30pm to 2:00pm
7:15am to 10am |
100.50 | Radio Evangelium | Reflections on Pope Francis Laudato Si | Tata Mbuy | Saturdays | 9:00pm to 10pm |
97.20 | CBC radio | You and the Environment | Ndimuh B. | - | - |
99.00 | Abakwa FM | The Green Environment | The Grens | Saturdays | 10:00 to 11:00am |
102.70 | Afrique Nouvelle FM | Discoveries | Juliet Afunie | Mondays | 7:00pm to 8:00pm |
88.90 | City FM | - | - | - | - |
94.00 | Radio Hot Cocoa | You and the Environment | NEST-Cam | Saturdays | 6:00am t0 8:30am |
100.00 | Foundation radio | Who is who in Business and the profession | Christopher Fogweh | Wednesdays | 1:00pm to 2:00pm |
94.90 | Ndefcam radio | Environmental conservation | Greens | Periodically | Not fixed |
98.50 | Dream FM | - | - | - | - |
96.10 | Skysport FM | - | - | - | - |
104.50 | Rush FM Radio | Daily weather forecast | Munya Babila | Everyday | 7:00am to 7:10am |
98.10 | Christian Gospel Radio | - | - | - | - |
97.70 | Vision FM Radio | - | - | - | - |
Source : Researcher, 2023
Out of the fifteen radio stations in Bamenda, ten of them have programs dedicated to climate change issues. These radio stations are classified into three categories: public, mission, and private. The lone public radio station in operation is Cameroon Radio Station (CRTV Bamenda), while four mission stations exist, namely CBS (Christian Broadcasting Service), Radio Evangelium, CBC radio and Christian Gospel Radio. The private radio stations include Abakwa FM, Afrique Nouvelle, City FM, Hot Cocoa, Foundation radio, Rush FM, Vision FM, Dream FM Skysports and Ndefcam radio. These radio stations conduct programs that include debates, talks and discussions. Radio stations in Bamenda allocate time to host experts, NGOs, activists, and community leaders who share insights, strategies, and initiatives related to climate change mitigation, renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable practices. The findings of the investigation indicated that a significant 78% of the respondents recognized the crucial role played by radio stations in Bamenda municipality in raising awareness about climate change. These respondents appreciated the efforts made by radio stations in disseminating information and educating the community about the challenges and solutions related to climate change. However, 22% of the population expressed dissatisfaction with the role of radio stations in creating awareness about climate change. This minority group believed that the radio stations could do more to effectively address the issue, providing greater coverage and more in-depth information.
1.2 Content of radio programs on climate change
The study captured the diverse perceptions of the population regarding the content of radio programs in relation to climate change (Figure 1.2).
Fig. 1.2: Radio programs content on climate change
Source: Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Figure 1.2 demonstrate that a significant portion of the population places great importance on in-depth discussions involving experts, scientists, and policymakers. Specifically, 50% of the population values these discussions because they offer comprehensive insights and analysis on the causes and impacts of climate change. Moreover, 32% of the population enjoys programs that specifically address climate change adaptation and mitigation. On the other hand, only 6% of the population expressed satisfaction with program content that primarily focuses on success stories and practical tips for addressing climate change. Interestingly, 12% of the population specifically enjoys when climate change experts are invited as guests on such programs.
1.3 Radio accuracy on climate change communication
The study explored how the population perceived the level of accuracy of the information aired over the radio about climate change. This was done to assess whether such information aligns with factual information, scientific consensus, and the current understanding of the issue. The findings, displayed in Table 2, depict a wide range of perspectives among the participants regarding the credibility and dependability of radio content in climate change communication.
Table 2: Perceptions of Radio Accuracy
Perception | Frequency | Percentage |
Responsiveness to Audience Feedback | 35 | 19 |
Depth of Coverage | 61 | 32 |
Transparency of Sources | 31 | 16 |
Timeliness of Reporting | 23 | 12 |
Trustworthiness of Information | 40 | 21 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Table 2 demonstrate a diverse range of perspectives regarding the accuracy of radio communication on climate change. The results indicate that 32% of the population expressed satisfaction with the extent of coverage on the issue, indicating a positive perception of the depth of information provided. However, 16% of the population raised concerns about the transparency of sources, suggesting a need for clearer attribution and disclosure of information origins. Furthermore, 21% of the respondents had mixed feelings about the trustworthiness of the information presented through radio channels. This suggests that while some individuals may find the information reliable, others may have reservations or doubts about its credibility. The study also identified issues related to the timeliness of reporting, with 12% of the population expressing concerns about delays or outdated information. Moreover, a significant 19% of the population highlighted the importance of responsiveness to audience feedback. This indicates that there is a desire for radio stations to engage with their listeners and address their concerns or suggestions related to climate change communication.
1.4 Format of radio programs
The study sampled the population to gather their perceptions regarding the format of programs specifically designed for radio coverage of climate change (Table 3). This was done in a bid to gain insights into their preferences and attitudes towards various program formats used to address the topic of climate change on the radio.
Table 3: Format of Radio Program
Perception on Radio Program Formats | Frequency | Percentage |
Informative talk shows or panel discussions | 91 | 48 |
Interviews with activists, policymakers, and local leaders | 46 | 24 |
Interactive programs with listener participation | 30 | 15 |
Incorporating storytelling and narratives | 15 | 8 |
News and current affairs programs | 5 | 3 |
Music | 3 | 2 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The results presented in Table 3 shed light on the diverse sentiments and experiences of the population in Bamenda regarding the radio program formats used to address climate change. The findings indicate that 48% of the participants highly value informative talk shows or panel discussions as their preferred format. This suggests that individuals in Bamenda appreciate in-depth discussions and knowledge-sharing platforms to gain comprehensive insights into climate change issues. Following closely, 24% of the respondents expressed their preference for interviews with activists, policymakers, and local leaders. This indicates that hearing from key stakeholders and individuals actively involved in climate change initiatives is considered valuable in creating awareness and understanding among the population. Interactive programs with listener participation were favored by 15% of the participants, indicating a desire for engagement and involvement in the discussions surrounding climate change. This format allows listeners to share their thoughts, ask questions, and contribute to the conversation, fostering a sense of community participation. Incorporating storytelling and narratives, a format that highlights personal experiences and anecdotes, was valued by 8% of the sampled population. This suggests that individuals in Bamenda find storytelling to be a compelling way to connect with the topic of climate change, potentially evoking empathy and emotional engagement.
1.5 Radio credibility on climate change reporting
Credibility in radio reporting on climate change takes into account the perceived trustworthiness and reliability of the information presented by radio stations. It encompasses factors such as the reputation of the radio station, the expertise of the journalists or hosts, and the track record of accurate reporting. An intriguing glimpse into the minds of residents in Bamenda municipality reveals their verdict on radio reporting about climate change. A staggering 42% of the population deemed radio broadcasts highly credible, attesting to their trustworthiness in delivering accurate information on this pressing global issue. However, 36% of the population remained uncertain, which may reflect the need for further engagement and clarification. Surprisingly, 22% expressed skepticism, perceiving radio reporting on climate change as lacking credibility. These diverse perspectives paint a vivid picture of the intricate tapestry of opinions surrounding the authenticity of radio reporting in Bamenda municipality's battle against climate change.
1.6 Factors influencing radio credibility
The outcomes of focus group discussions centered around the factors that had a significant impact on public perceptions of radio credibility in climate change reporting. The findings revealed that several key elements played a pivotal role in shaping these perceptions. Firstly, the use of reliable sources emerged as a crucial factor, with participants valuing information backed by reputable and trustworthy sources. Secondly, the presence of scientific expertise was deemed essential, as the public sought to rely on radio stations that showcased a depth of knowledge and understanding of climate change issues. Thirdly, the participants emphasized the importance of balanced reporting, where multiple perspectives and voices were presented, enabling them to form their own informed opinions. Lastly, participants expressed concerns about potential commercial interests or biases that might compromise the objectivity and credibility of radio reporting.
1.7. Hurdles confronting radio stations on climate change communication
In-depth interviews with representatives from various radio stations shed light on the formidable challenges they face in their efforts to effectively address climate change. These interviews underscored several key obstacles that radio stations encounter in their climate change reporting endeavors. Firstly, limited access to climate change experts emerged as a significant challenge, hindering the stations' ability to gather accurate and comprehensive information on the subject. The complexity of scientific information surrounding climate change was also identified as a hurdle, as it demands a nuanced understanding and effective communication to convey the intricacies of the topic to listeners. Radio stations in Bamenda often have limited resources, including a lack of funding, staff, and equipment, making it difficult for them to produce high-quality climate change content. Additionally, the interviews highlighted the need for ongoing training and capacity-building for journalists to enhance their knowledge and skills in covering climate change-related issues.
1.8 Suggestions for improved radio coverage
In order to enhance radio coverage of climate change, the study employed a sampling technique to gather suggestions from a diverse population. The researchers sought to capture a wide range of perspectives and opinions from the participants, considering their individual perceptions and viewpoints (Table 4).
Table 4: Suggestions for improved radio coverage
Suggestions | Frequency | Percentage |
Invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers | 68 | 36 |
Involve community members, including youth and marginalized groups | 79.8 | 42 |
Dedicate specific time slots or programs on climate change | 68 | 36 |
Involve community members, including youth and marginalized groups | 53 | 28 |
Collaborate with local organizations and institutions | 38 | 20 |
Total | 190 | 100 |
Source : Researcher, 2023
The findings presented in Table 4 have revealed intriguing insights into suggestions for enhancing radio coverage of climate change. Approximately 42% of the population recommended that radio stations should invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers. This underscores the importance of incorporating authoritative voices in the field to provide credible information and insights to listeners. Another noteworthy suggestion, proposed by 36% of the participants, was for radio stations to allocate specific time slots or programs exclusively dedicated to climate change. This approach would enable in-depth discussions and comprehensive coverage of the topic, ensuring that listeners have access to detailed information and insightful analysis. Additionally, 20% of the respondents emphasized the significance of collaborating with local organizations and institutions. This suggestion highlights the potential benefits of partnering with relevant entities to foster community engagement and enhance the local relevance of climate change coverage on radio.
2 Discussion
The presence of a diverse radio landscape in Bamenda Municipality is marked by the existence of multiple radio stations that focus on climate change issues. A significant majority of 78% of the population recognizes the vital role of radio stations in increasing awareness about climate change and expresses appreciation for their efforts in disseminating information and educating the community. This corroborates the assertions made by Hansen et al., (2019) and UNESCO (2018), who underscore the immense potential of radio as a medium to reach diverse audiences, particularly those residing in remote areas with limited access to alternative forms of media. The findings also revealed that 50% of the population value in-depth discussions involving experts, scientists, and policymakers, which offer comprehensive insights and analysis on the causes and impacts of climate change. This finding aligns with the perspectives of Hansen (2009), who emphasizes the significance of expert-driven discussions in effectively communicating climate change and addressing its challenges. Similarly, Hayhoe (2009) echoes the importance of providing comprehensive insights and analysis to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and public understanding of climate change. The author emphasizes the need to communicate climate change in a manner that resonates with faith-based communities and provides factual information to inform decision-making processes.
Further results indicated that 32% of the population expressed satisfaction with the extent of coverage on climate change. Consistent with these findings, Johnson and Brown (2021) argue that radio organizations have made substantial progress in recent years in terms of providing comprehensive coverage of climate change. In contrast, Jones (2021) conducted a separate study that contradicts the notion of satisfaction with climate change coverage. It was discovered that only 20% of respondents expressed satisfaction with the radio's handling of climate change, indicating a lower level of contentment. This dissatisfaction is believed to arise from perceived biases, sensationalism, and inadequate in-depth reporting on the subject. The findings equally revealed that 48% of the population value informative talk shows or panel discussions as their preferred format. This contradicts Davis's (2022) investigation, which explored and assessed the preferences of respondents regarding different media formats for obtaining information on climate change. The author found that only 35% of respondents expressed a preference for such formats, indicating a lower level of popularity compared to other formats like documentaries or news segments. This discrepancy was attributed to differences in demographic factors, media consumption habits, or individual preferences.
A whopping 42% of the population deemed radio broadcasts highly credible, attesting to their trustworthiness in delivering accurate information on this pressing global issue. This corroborates the findings of Leiserowitz et al., (2013) and Sturgis et al., (2010), who examined public perceptions and trust in climate change information sources. These studies have found that trust in news media as a source of climate change information can vary depending on factors such as political ideology, media consumption habits, and prior beliefs about climate change. They also found that trust in radio as a source of climate change information can be influenced by various factors. Approximately 42% of the population recommended that radio stations in Bamenda Municipality should invite climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers. Cook et al., (2018) examined the consensus among climate scientists on the causes and impacts of climate change. Their research demonstrated a strong scientific consensus on human-induced climate change. Inviting climate change experts and scientists as guest speakers on radio programs could help convey this consensus and address any misinformation or skepticism
CONCLUSION
This study aimed to assess the role of radio in climate change communication in the Bamenda Municipality. The findings highlight the diverse range of public, private, and mission radio stations that engage audiences through various formats and approaches. It is evident that radio plays a crucial role in disseminating climate change information, effectively creating awareness and fostering sensitization among the population. However, the study also reveals a complex landscape of mixed feelings among the population regarding their experiences and expectations of radio communication. Concerns were raised regarding the accuracy, credibility, and formats of radio programs focused on climate change. It is important to address these concerns to ensure the effectiveness of climate change communication through radio. The study identifies key factors that influence the credibility of radio programs on climate change, including the expertise and credentials of the speakers, the transparency of information sources, and the overall trustworthiness of the radio station. The study highlights the need for key measures to enhance the quality and reach of climate change communication through radio. These measures include regularly inviting experts as guest speakers, allocating specific time slots or programs to climate change topics, and fostering collaborations with local organizations and institutions.
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